Transcript-Bound Combiners for Downgrade-Resilient Hybrid Post-Quantum Key Establishment: Definition, Proof, and Embedded-Device Cost

arXiv:2609.21273v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Hybrid key establishment runs a post-quantum key-encapsulation mechanism (KEM) alongside a classical Diffie-Hellman primitive, so that the session key stays secure while either component resists attack. This design is now standardized in the Transport Layer Security protocol, Secure Shell, and the Internet Key Exchange, with the standardized module-lattice KEM (ML-KEM) as the post-quantum component.

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